A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• resistances at the nanoscale has attracted recent attention for developing microelectronic components, memory devices, molecular electronics, and two-dimensional materials. Despite the decisive contribution of scanning probe microscopy in imaging resistance and current variations, measurements have remained

• versatility and high resolution in probing the local conductivity of materials, C-AFM has been extensively used in studying semiconductors [6][7], two-dimensional materials [8][9][10], memristive devices [11][12][13][14][15], photoelectric systems [16][17][18], dielectric films [19][20][21][22][23], molecular

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• hydroxides; layered double hydroxide; layered materials; scale-up process; synthesis; two-dimensional materials; Introduction Since the discovery of graphene [1], research on two-dimensional (2D) materials has become one of the most relevant topics in physics, chemistry, and (nano)materials science [2][3][4

• Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata- CONICET. Diagonal 113 y 64, 1900, La Plata, Argentina Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Calle 1 esq. 47, 1900, La Plata, Argentina 10.3762/bjnano.14.76 Abstract Research on two-dimensional

• materials is one of the most relevant fields in materials science. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), a versatile class of anionic clays, exhibit great potential in photocatalysis, energy storage and conversion, and environmental applications. However, its implementation in real-life devices requires the

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• resolution and durability or wear and tear and conductivity requirements must be considered before selecting a probe. Metal-coated probes are generally suitable for high-resolution or high conductivity test experiments. Metal nanoclusters adsorbed on two-dimensional materials grown on metal substrates are an

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland II. Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.46 Abstract Combined scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopy using a qPlus sensor enables the measurement of electronic and mechanic properties of two-dimensional

• materials at the nanoscale. In this work, we study hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), an atomically thin 2D layer, that is van der Waals-coupled to a Cu(111) surface. The system is of interest as a decoupling layer for functional 2D heterostructures due to the preservation of the h-BN bandgap and as a template

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• -mat are presented. Keywords: automated patterning; focused He ion beam; graphene; magnetic multilayers; mechanical resonator; pattern generation; plasmonic antennas; two-dimensional materials; Introduction Future breakthroughs in nanotechnology will rely on the ability to fabricate materials and

• materials. The extremely small spot size, large depth of field, and high stability render the He ion beam ideal for automated high-fidelity patterning in cases where low sputter rates are negligible. This holds especially true for two-dimensional materials where only small amounts of material have to be

• varying path geometries, local dwell times and pitches, as well as number of repetitions allowing for efficient patterning iteration and optimization. Conclusions and Outlook He ion beam machining offers exciting prospects for the fabrication of devices from two-dimensional and quasi two-dimensional

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• molecular wetting layers [15] and two-dimensional materials, such as graphene [16][17], hBN [11][18], or even organic layers [19]. Recently, it has been proposed that a monolayer of transition metal dichalcogenides, for example, MoS2, may play a similar role [4][20][21]. Similarly, it has been reported that

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• -perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA); Raman spectroscopy; Introduction In recent years, two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have been established as a highly interesting field of studies, both in regard to their fundamental physical properties as well as their potential for technical applications [1

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

• of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on metal [6][7][8][9][10][11][12], semiconductor [13], and insulator surfaces [14][15][16][17][18][19], as well as the deposition on conducting surfaces covered by insulating thin films [20][21][22][23][24] or two-dimensional materials [25]. It

Optically and electrically driven nanoantennas

• Monika Fleischer,
• Dai Zhang and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1542–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.136

• -dimensional materials [19]. Under excitation with state-of-the-art lasers, ultrafast effects can be observed as well as a plethora of nonlinear characteristics [20]. Recently, also electrically driven nanoantennas have been demonstrated [21][22][23][24][25], which are an important milestone towards on-chip

• or TERS) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], as well as for (bio-)sensing applications [16][17][18]. The integration of nanoantennas can lead to enhanced functionality for optoelectronic devices, nano-light sources, light amplification, or hybrid systems in combination with nanoemitters or two

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• ), unsubstituted [55] as well as functionalized pyrene derivatives [9][48][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] were employed as versatile tectons to engineer supramolecular [9][48][55][56][57][58][59][61][62][63][64] and covalent architectures [56][58][59][60][64]. On two-dimensional materials, pyrene serves as an

Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS₂ field-effect transistors

• Jakub Jadwiszczak,
• Pierce Maguire,
• Conor P. Cullen,
• Georg S. Duesberg and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1329–1335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.117

• , we find that irradiating the electrode–channel interface has a deleterious impact on charge transport when contrasted with irradiations confined only to the transistor channel. Keywords: 2D materials; contacts; defect engineering; helium ion microscope; ion beam doping; vacancies; two-dimensional

• materials; Introduction Layered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have come to the fore in recent years as promising candidates for the implementation of flexible, transparent, and low-power electronics. In particular, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), have

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• n-type contact for future molecular electronic devices. Keywords: buried interface; decoupling; hexagonal boron nitride; hybridization; tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP); two-dimensional materials; Introduction The interfaces between organic molecules and metal contacts play a crucial role in

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of rubrene on clean and graphene-covered metal surfaces

• Karl Rothe,
• Alexander Mehler,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1157–1167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.100

• are due to different molecular vibrational quanta with distinct Huang–Rhys factors. Keywords: graphene; metal surfaces; molecular superstructures; rubrene; scanning tunneling microscopy; scanning tunneling spectroscopy; vibronic states; Introduction Two-dimensional materials are emerging as

• resonances on surfaces are desirable because they increase the residence time of injected charge at the adsorbate, which is favorable for, e.g., energy conversion processes or the observation of vibronic progression [1]. Structural aspects of adsorption on the prominent two-dimensional materials graphene [2

• , which is assigned to vibronic progression induced by a single group of molecular vibrations with similar quantum energies. Another type of two-dimensional materials is represented by single layers of transition metal dichalcogenides. A single layer of MoS2 on Au(111) has recently been used to

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• mV·s−1. Keywords: 2-butanone; liquid-phase exfoliation; low-boiling point solvent; molybdenum trioxide (MoO3); supercapacitors; Introduction The advent of graphene has opened a new area of research in the field of two-dimensional materials [1]. The extraordinary properties of graphene have led

• crucial to exfoliate MoO3 for improved performance in a variety of applications. Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) has been shown to be an effective technique for obtaining dispersions of two-dimensional materials. It also offers the advantages of low cost and scalability [2]. The LPE process is initiated

• critical for the stability of the dispersions. The high zeta potential of −33.5 mV (Figure 2f) affirms the stability of MoO3 dispersions in 2-butanone. Exfoliated two-dimensional materials are known to exhibit good electrochemical properties compared to the bulk materials [22][23]. The electrochemical

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• , and sampling of analytes. This roadmap would be shortened by using new types of materials such as two-dimensional materials [201][202][203][204] and through introducing new methodologies such as mass-data analyses and machine learning [205][206]. Another important factor to accelerate progress would

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• perturbations such as microwave and plasma irradiation [45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. Carbon nanotubes, representative one-dimensional objects, were produced using catalysts as well [52][53][54][55]. Recently, two-dimensional materials such as graphene and MoS2 nanosheets attracted the interests of researchers

• fixation of carbon dioxide, which were recently reviewed by Maeda and Mallouk [61]. Despite these many intriguing demonstrations of two-dimensional materials, most of the examples reported so far utilize two-dimensional sheet materials synthesized in a top-down manner, and there is only a limited number of

• synthesize two-dimensional materials. The recent developments of synthetic two-dimensional crystalline polymers (2DCPs), such as two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have unveiled their intriguing chemistry and properties, and have shown

Electronic properties of several two dimensional halides from ab initio calculations

• Mohamed Barhoumi,
• Ali Abboud,
• Lamjed Debbichi,
• Moncef Said,
• Torbjörn Björkman,
• Dario Rocca and
• Sébastien Lebègue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 823–832, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.82

• . Finally, we have shown that for some of them the value of the bandgap can be decreased by applying an external electric field and even a semiconductor-to-metal transition can be induced. We hope that our work will trigger interest in this family of possible new two-dimensional materials, in particular

Choosing a substrate for the ion irradiation of two-dimensional materials

• Egor A. Kolesov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 531–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.54

• Egor A. Kolesov Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Av., 220030 Minsk, Belarus 10.3762/bjnano.10.54 Abstract This study is dedicated to the common problem of how to choose a suitable substrate for ion irradiation of two-dimensional materials in order to achieve specific roles of certain

• eV/ion (Xe in copper), which corresponds to an average sputtered atom energy of 22.1 and 320.1 eV/atom, respectively. The former value is already enough to introduce defects into common two-dimensional materials [18][19][20][21][22], most strongly manifesting for 2D transition metal dichalcogenides

• [20][21][22]. The values given above indicate that the substrate can participate strongly in defect formation in two-dimensional materials under ion irradiation with a wide range of ion energies. At the same time, the deliberate use of these phenomena opens up broad prospects in the controllability of

Advances in nanocarbon composite materials

• Sharali Malik,
• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 20–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.3

• then expanded to the area of two-dimensional materials. This Thematic Series contains reviews and articles spanning diverse areas of research and highlights promising applications for energy transfer composites, coatings, biosensors, diagnostics, biomedicine and advanced nanocarbon materials. Many of

Ab initio study of adsorption and diffusion of lithium on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2711–2718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.270

• -dimensional materials have higher exposure to the electrolyte [1]. Two-dimensional materials, such as Co3O4, NiO, phosphorene, SnS and V2O5 all exhibit an excellent capacity retention, rate performance, lower energy barrier and long cycling life compared to their bulk counterparts used as electrode materials

• the adsorption of Li atoms onto two-dimensional materials. Different from the situation where Li atoms are trapped by the defects in graphene, the presence of structural defects does not affect the diffusion of lithium [19]. The main drawback of MoS2 is its poor electrical conductivity. Various

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• ] and later demonstrated by Geim and Novoselov in 2004 using sophisticated and skillfull mechanical exfoliation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) [5]. This seminal discovery enabled the research field of two-dimensional materials on a broader scope, leading to the dissemination of several top

Intercalation of Si between MoS₂ layers

• Rik van Bremen,
• Qirong Yao,
• Soumya Banerjee,
• Deniz Cakir,
• Nuri Oncel and
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1952–1960, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.196

• -dimensional materials; Introduction Since the discovery of graphene [1][2][3][4] interest has extended to the search for other 2D materials with properties similar to graphene. One appealing candidate is silicene, a graphene-like 2D allotrope of silicon. The first calculations of graphite-like allotropes of

• . (Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2096–2101) that silicon forms a highly strained epitaxial layer on MoS2. Finally, density functional theory calculations indicate that silicene clusters encapsulated by MoS2 are stable. Keywords: intercalation; molybdenum disulfide; scanning tunneling microscopy; silicene; two

Group-13 and group-15 doping of germanane

• Nicholas D. Cultrara,
• Maxx Q. Arguilla,
• Shishi Jiang,
• Chuanchuan Sun,
• Michael R. Scudder,
• R. Dominic Ross and
• Joshua E. Goldberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1642–1648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.164

• four days in ambient atmosphere. Overall, this work demonstrates that extrinsic doping with Ga is a viable pathway towards accessing stable electronic behavior in graphane analogues of germanium. Keywords: doping; electronic behavior; germanane; two-dimensional materials; Introduction Since the

Nanostructures for sensors, electronics, energy and environment III

• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1530–1531, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.154

• medicine and pharmacology, where nanoparticles are the carriers of drugs targeted on the disease (i.e., only the sick cells). In the middle there is a plethora of different materials and approaches, including nanotubes and two-dimensional materials such as graphene, and graphene-like materials (e.g

3D continuum phonon model for group-IV 2D materials

• Morten Willatzen,
• Lok C. Lew Yan Voon,
• Appala Naidu Gandi and
• Udo Schwingenschlögl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1345–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.136

• , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 10.3762/bjnano.8.136 Abstract A general three-dimensional continuum model of phonons in two-dimensional materials is developed. Our first-principles derivation includes full consideration of the lattice

• the long-wavelength modes to density-functional results is included. Keywords: graphene; molybdenum disulfide; phonon; silicene; two-dimensional materials; Introduction Phonon spectra in two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have almost exclusively been computed using density-functional theory (DFT

• -principles, continuum elasticity theory was developed for two-dimensional materials. Piezoelectric materials required the simultaneous consideration of the electrostatics equations. Application to graphene, silicene and MoS2 revealed a number of interesting results. The out-of-plane vibrations were coupled